Boundary Distance

Recently, I've been learning some topics related to machine learning, and especially manifold learning. These both fall under the general notion of inverse problems: given some mathematical object $X$ (it could be a function $f: A \to B$, or a Riemannian manifold $(M,g)$, or a probability measure $d\mu$ on a space $X$, etc.), can we effectively reconstruct $X$ given only the information of some auxiliary measurements? What if we can only perform finitely many measurements? What if the measurements are noisy? Can we reconstruct $X$ at least approximately? Can we measure in some precise way, how close our approximate reconstruction is to the unknown object $X$? And so on, and so forth.

Anyway, this post is about a cute observation, which I was reminded of while reading a paper on the inverse Gel'fand problem. Let $M$ be a compact manifold with smooth boundary $\partial M$. Then with no additional data required, we have a Banach space $L^\infty(\partial M)$ consisting of the essentially bounded measureable functions on the boundary. Since it is a Banach space, it comes with a complete metric $d_\infty(f,g) := \|f-g\|_{L^\infty(\partial M)}$.

Now, suppose that $g$ is a Riemannian metric on $M$. Then we have the Riemannian distance function $d_g(x,y)$ which is defined to be the infimum of arclengths of all smooth paths connecting $x$ and $y$. For any $x \in M$, we obtain a function $r_x \in L^\infty(\partial M)$ defined by
$$r_x(z) = d_g(x,z), \forall z \in \partial M.$$
This gives a map $\phi_g: M \to L^\infty(\partial M)$, defined by $x \mapsto r_x$.

Theorem. Suppose that for any two distinct $x,y \in M$, there is a unique length-minimizing geodesic connecting $x$ and $y$. Then $\phi_g: M \to L^\infty(\partial M)$ is an isometric embedding, i.e. $d_g(x,y) = d_\infty(r_x, r_y)$ for all $x,y \in M$.

Proof. Let $x,y$ be distinct and let $\gamma$ be the unique geodesic from $x$ to $y$. For any point $z$ on the boundary, we have
$$|d_g(x,z) - d_g(y,z)| \leq d_g(x,y).$$
which is the triangle inequality. Now let $\gamma$ be the unique geodesic from $x$ to $y$, and extend $\gamma$ until it hits some boundary point $z_\ast$. Then since $x,y,z_\ast$ all lie on a length-minimizing geodesic, we have
$$d_g(x,z_\ast) - d_g(y,z_\ast) = d_g(x,y).$$
Therefore, the bound above is always saturated, and we find
$$\sup_{z \in \partial M} |d_g(x,z) - d_g(y,z)| = d_g(x,y).$$
But the expression on the left is nothing but the $L^\infty(\partial M)$-norm of $r_x-r_y$, so the theorem is proved.